How Does Climate Affect the Lifestyle of the Asians?

   The climate is the basis of culture and economy of the countries in Asia. For instance, climate alters the appearance and shape of the land. This affects the kind of agriculture; crops, farming and vegetation. Climate affects the ecology of a country as well as the health and the kind of work the people do in Asia. Climate will mostly affect the Asian society. Lastly, because of the reason that the Asian countries are almost close to various bodies of water, the effects of climate will also include the type of water and environmental problems the Asian countries are experiencing.

Examples/Significance of Inertia in Our Life

   Inertia plays an important concept that explains why objects move as they do. If a stopped car is hit by a moving car from behind, the passengers inside may experience whiplash as a result of the body moving forward but the head lagging behind. The head is experiencing inertia. Another application of inertia can be observe in a sports field. The reason why an athlete runs before taking a long jump is to bring him in the state of motion and makes it easier for him to take a long jump. When you stir coffee and stop, the swirling motion continues due to inertia also. 

Paano Tayo Nagkaroon ng Kalayaan?

Maikling Buod ng Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas

“Ang Katamaran ng mga Pilipino” ni Dr. Jose P. Rizal

   Ang matutunghayan ay isang lagom sa Tagalog ng sanaysay na “La Indolencia de los Filipinos,” na nalathala sa La Solidaridad mula noong Hulyo 15 hanggang Setyembre 15, 1890. Ang sanaysay na ito’y isinulat ni Rizal sa ikalawang pagtungo niya sa Europa. Isinulat niya ito bilang tugon sa paulit-ulit na upasala sa mga Pilipino na sila’y mga tamad. Ang upasalang ito’y hindi tinutulan ni Jose Rizal sa kaniyang sanaysay. Manapa’y inamin nga niya ang pag-aangkin ng katamaran ng kaniyang mga kababayan. At sa pag-amin niyang iyan ay nagbigay siya ng mga matuwid kung bakit ang mga Pilipino ay masasabi ngang tamad. Narito ang kaniyang mga matuwid.

   Ang pangunahing sanhi ay ang mainit na singaw ng panahon. Kahit na ang mga banyagang nandarayuhan sa Pilipinas buhat sa mga bayang malamig ang klima ay nagiging tamad pagdating dito at ayaw humawak ng mabibigat na gawain. Sa bayang mainit ang panahon, kahit hindi kumilos ang isang tao, siya’y pinagpapawisan at hindi mapalagay. Wika pa ni Rizal: Ang mga Europeong naninirahan sa Pilipinas ay nangangailangan pa ng mga tagapaypay at tagahugot ng sapatos, at hindi nagsisipaglakad kundi laging lulan ng kanilang karwahe, gayong masasarap ang kanilang kinakain at ginhawa ang kanilang kabuhayan. Sila’y malaya, ang bunga ng kanilang mga pagsisikap ay para sa kanilang sarili, may pag-asa sa kinabukasan, at iginagalang ng madla. Ang abang katutubo, ang tamad na katutubo ay kulang sa pagkain, walang inaasahan sa araw ng bukas, ang bunga ng kanilang pagod ay sa iba napupunta, at kinukuha sila sa paggawang sapilitan.

   Sinasabing ang mga Europeo ay nahihirapan sa mga bayang mainit ang singaw ng panahon palibhasa’y hindi sila hirati sa gayong klima, kaya’t karampatan lamang na dulutan sila ng balanang makapagpapaginhawa sa kanilang kalagayan. Datapuwa’t ang wika nga ni Rizal, ang isang tao’y maaaring mabuhay kahit saan kung sisikapin lamang niyang ibagay ang kanyang sarili sa hinihingi ng pangangailangan.

   Ang sikap at pagkukusa ay nawala sa mga Pilipino dahil din sa kagagawan ng mga Kastila. Ang mga Pilipino, nang bago dumating ang mga Kastila ay ginhawa sa kanilang kabuhayan, nakikipagkalakalan sila sa Tsina at iba pang mga bansa, at hinaharap nila ang pagsasaka, pagmamanukan, paghabi ng damit at iba pa. Kaya’t mapagkikilalang nang wala pa rito ang mga Kastila, ang mga Pilipino bagaman ang mga pangangailangan nila’y hindi naman marami, ay hindi mga mapagpabayang gaya ngayon.

   Ang lahat ng industriya at pati na ang pagsasaka ay napabayaan sapagkat ang mga Pilipino’y hindi makapagtanggol laban sa pananalakay ng mga mandarambong buhat sa Mindanaw at Sulu. Paano’y ayaw pahintulutang makapag-ingat ng mga baril at iba pang sandata ang mga Pilipinong naiiwan sa bayan habang ang iba’y wala at kasama sa mga pandarayuhang walang kabuluhan. Nang panahon ng Kastila’y maraming digma at kaguluhan sa loob ng bayan at maraming ipinapapatay. Isinalaysay ni Rizal ang nangyari sa isang pulong malapit sa Sebu, na halos nawalan ng tao sapagkat madaling nangabihag ng mga piratang buhat sa Sulu palibhasa’y walang sukat maipananggol sa sarili.

   Ang pagsasaka’y napabayaan dahil pa rin sa sapilitang paggawa na ipinatutupad ng pamahalaan. Dahil sa maraming pandarayuhang ginagawa ng mga Kastila, kailangan ang walang tigil na paggawa ng mga barko, kaya’t maraming Pilipino ang pinapagpuputol nila ng mga kahoy sa gubat upang magamit. Wala tuloy katiyakan ang kabuhayan ng mga tao kaya’t naging mga mapagpabaya. Tungkol dito’y sinipi ni Rizal si Morga na nagsabi (sa kanyang Sucesos) na halos nakalimutan na ng mga katutubo ang pagsasaka, pagmamanukan, ang paghabi, na dati nilang ginagawa noong sila’y mga pagano pa hanggang sa mga ilang taon pa pagkatapos ng pagsakop. Iyan ang naging bunga ng tatlumpu’t dalawang taon ng sapilitang paggawa na ipinataw sa mga Pilipino.

   Ang pamahalaa’y walang dulot na pampasigla upang ang mga tao ay mahikayat na gumawa. Pinatamlay ng mga Kastila ang pakikipagkalakalan sa mga bansang malaya, gaya ng Siam, Cambodia, at Hapon, kaya’t humina ang pagluluwas ng mga produktong Pilipino at ang industriya ay hindi umunlad. Ang Pilipino’y hindi maaaring gumawa sa kanilang bukid kung walang pahintulot ng pamahalaan.

   Bukod sa mga iyan, ang Pilipino’y hindi tumatanggap ng karampatang halaga sa kanilang mga produkto. Sinabi ni Rizal na alinsunod sa istorya, matapos alipinin ng mga encomendero ang mga Pilipino, sila’y pinagagawa para sa sarili nilang kapakinabangan, at ang iba nama’y pinipilit na sa kanila ipagbili ang inaani o produkto sa maliit na halaga at kung minsa’y wala pang bayad o kaya’y dinadaya sa pamamagitan ng mga maling timbangan at takalan.

   Alinsunod pa rin kay Rizal, ang lahat ng negosyo’y sinasarili ng gobernador, at sa halip pukawin ang mga Pilipino sa kanilang pagpapabaya, ang iniisip lamang niya’y ang kanyang kapakanan kaya’t sinusugpo ang ano mang makaaagaw niya sa mga pakinabang sa pangangalakal. Mga kung anu-anong kuskos-balungos sa pakikitungo sa pamahalaan, mga “kakuwanan” ng pulitika, mga kinakailangang panunuyo at “pakikisama,” mga pagreregalo, at ang ganap na pagwawalang-bahala sa kanilang kalagayan,- ang mga iyan ay naging pamatay-sigla sa paggawang kapaki-pakinabang.

   Nariyan pa ang halimbawang ipinamalas ng mga Kastila: pag-iwas sa pagpaparumi ng kamay sa paggawa, pagkuha ng maraming utusan sa bahay, na para bang alangan sa kanilang kalagayan ang magpatulo ng pawis, at ang pagkilos na animo’y kung sinong maginoo at panginoon na ipinaging palasak tuloy ng kasabihang “para kang Kastila,”- ang lahat ng iyan ay nagpunla sa kalooban ng mga Pilipino ng binhi ng katamaran at pagtanggi o pagkatakot sa mabibigat na gawain.

At ang wika pa ng mga Pilipino noon: “Bakit gagawa pa? Ang sabi ng kura ay hindi raw makapapasok sa kaharian ng langit ang taong mayaman.” Ang sugal ay binibigyan ng luwag, at ito’y isa pa ring nagpapalala ng katamaran.

   Ang Pilipino’y hindi binibigyan ng ano mang tulong na salapi o pautang upang maging puhunan. Kung may salapi man ang isang Pilipinong magsasaka, ang natitira, matapos bawasin ang buwis at iba pang impuwesto ay ipinambabayad naman niya sa kalmen, kandila, nobena, at iba pa.Kung ang mga pananim ay pinipinsala ng balang o ng bagyo, ang pamahalaan ay hindi nagbibigay ng ano mang tulong sa mga magsasaka, kaya ang mga ito ay inaalihan ng katamaran.Walang pampasiglang ibinibigay sa pagpapakadalubhasa. May isang Pilipinong nag-aral ng kimika sa Europa, ngunit hindi man lamang siya pinag-ukulan ng pansin.

   Ang katamara’y pinalulubha pang lalo ng di mabuting sistema ng edukasyon. Ganito ang wika ni Rizal:

   “Iminulat palibhasa sa halimbawa ng mapagbulay-bulay at tamad na pamumuhay ng mga monghe, ang mga katutubo nama’y walang ginawa kundi iukol ang kanilang buhay sa pagkakaloob ng kanilang salapi sa simbahan dahil sa inaasahang mga himala at iba pang kataka-takang bagay. Ang kanilang kalooban ay nagayuma; buhat sa pagkabata ay wala silang natutuhan kundi ang pagkilos na parang mga makina na hindi nalalaman ang buong kabagayan. Kataka-taka bang ang ganitong maling pagmumulat sa isip at kalooban ng isang bata ay magbunga ng kahambal-hambal na mga pagkakasalungatan? Iyang walang puknat na pagtutunggali ng isip at ng tungkulin… ay humantong sa pananamlay ng kanyang mga pagsisikap, at sa tulong ng init panahon, ang kaniyang walang katapusang pag-aatubili, ang kaniyang mga pag-aalinlangan ay siyang naging ugat ng kaniyang katamaran.”

   Ang sistema ng edukasyon, na isang kawil ng mga pagmamalupit, ay nagpatamlay sa halip na magpasigla sa Pilipino. Siya’y nagkaroon ng mababang pagkakilala sa sarili at pagwawalang-bahala sa paggawa.

   Ang isa pang nagpalala sa katamaran ng mga Pilipino ay ang kawalan nila ng damdamin bilang isang bansa palibhasa’y pinagkaitan sila ng karapatang makapagtatag ng mga samahan na magbibigay sa kanila ng pagkakataong magkaunawaan at magkaisang damdamin. Palibhasa nga’y walang bansang kinaaaniban, ang mga Pilipino’y hindi nagkaroon ng pagkabahala sa ano mang kahirapang dinaranas ng mga tao. Patay ang apoy ng kanilang pagsisikap, at walang sukat makaganyak sa kanila na mag-ukol ng panahon at sigla alang-alang sa kaunlaran at kasaganaan ng kanilang Bayan.

   Ang sabi ni Rizal: “Ang edukasyon ay siyang lupa, at ang kalayaan ay siyang araw, ng sangkatauhan. Kung walang edukasyon at walang kalayaan, walang pagbabagong maisasagawa, walang hakbang na makapagdudulot ng bungang ninanais.”

Carbon Footprint

   A Carbon footprint is the total sets of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an organization, event, product or person. However, the total carbon footprint cannot be calculated because of the large amount of data required and the fact that carbon dioxide can be produced natural occurrences. Therefore, Wright, Kemp, and Williams of the journal Carbon Management have suggested a more practicable definition:

“A measure of total amount of carbon dioxide and methane emissions of a defined population, system or activity, considering all relevant sources, sinks and storage within the spatial and temporal boundary of the population, system or activity of interest. Calculated as carbon dioxide equivalent using the relevant 100-year global warming potential.”

   Greenhouse gases can be emitted through consumption and production of things such as food, fuels, etc. It can also be produced through transport and land clearance. There are many ways to produce greenhouse gases. Most of it are the things we do every day.

   An individual, nation, or organization’s carbon footprint can be measured by undertaking GHG emissions assessment or other calculative activities denoted as carbon accounting. Once the size of a carbon footprint is known, a strategy can be devised to reduce it. The key way to determine a carbon footprint is to look at the materials used to make the item. The larger the size of the material, the larger the footprint will be.

   There are people suggesting that the most effective way to decrease a carbon footprint is to either decrease the amount of energy needed for production or to decrease the dependence on carbon emitting fuels. At a young age, children should be taught how to reduce their own carbon footprint. As a student myself; I want to help in reducing the carbon footprint. Therefore I have researched and found out how to reduce carbon footprint in some simple ways:

1. Conserve water.
2. Switch of lights and computers when not in use.
3. Reduce, reuse, recycle.
4. Use compact fluorescent light bulbs.
5. Eat healthy foods. Preferably vegetables because vegetables take much less energy to produce.
6. Don’t waste food.
7. Drive better.
8. Properly insulate your home.
9. Plant a tree.
10. Use energy-saving items. 

   Such simple ways can help minimize the consumption of carbon in Earth. If people will cooperate and take action, our environment will be improved. We should all unite to make our world a better place! Let us all care about mother nature who gives us our daily needs: the land we walk on, the sea, trees, and more.

   About my own carbon footprint, there are times when I consume too much energy. The main reason is that I use my laptop and phone often. I am aware of this; therefore, I am trying to consume less time using my laptop and phone. Though, I fail at some point in the process. But I am trying to do my best in helping reduce carbon footprint. I don’t really have much problem about this case since I commute and walk to my home; I eat homemade foods, have energy-saving products at home and use a small amount of water every day. It’s just that I can’t help using gadgets. Habit, I guess? Anyway, I hope everyone will realize this and reflect too. People must be aware of what is happening to the world. Because whatever we do to nature, shall be done to ourselves. 

Components of Physical Fitness

What is Physical Fitness?

Physical fitness is the ability in which your body can deal with day to day tasks at varying difficulty levels and tempos. It's being able to do basic physical activities at an efficient rate in which your body works well to first do the exercises, but then also to recover from them and prepare energy for the next. And it is also to be able to be flexible enough to avoid or reduce the risks of injury and again to recover from them if they do come about.

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• Flexibility is the ability to be diverse in function. It is the ability to withstand all types of situations without being broken of failing. It is also the physical capacity of an individual to bend easily without breaking, or the ability of an individual to move his or her joints through a full range of motions. Flexibility helps individuals to stretch without straining themselves.

• Strength is the property of being physically or mentally strong.
• Speed is the ability to move quickly across the ground or move limbs rapidly to grab or throw.
• Balance the even distribution of weight enabling someone or something to remain upright and steady.
• Agility is the ability to rapidly change the body's momentum from one direction to another.
• Cardiovascular is a health-related component of physical fitness that relates to ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity.
• Reaction Time is the time it takes for a person to react to a certain stimulus. 
• Power refers to the ability of an athlete to exert maximum muscular contraction instantly in an explosive burst of movements.
• Muscular Strength refers to the ability of a person to exert force on physical objects using muscles.

Science Laboratory Rules

1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.

2. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully.  If you do not understand a direction or part of a procedure, ASK YOUR TEACHER BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE ACTIVITY.

3. Never work alone in the laboratory.  No student may work in the science classroom without the presence of the teacher.

4. When first entering a science room, do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials in the laboratory area until you are instructed to do so.

5. Perform only those experiments authorized by your teacher.  Carefully follow all instructions, both written and oral.  Unauthorized experiments are not allowed. 

6. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory.  Do not use laboratory glassware as containers for food or beverages.

7. Be prepared for your work in the laboratory.  Read all procedures thoroughly before entering the laboratory.  Never fool around in the laboratory.  Horseplay, practical jokes, and pranks are dangerous and prohibited. 

8. Always work in a well-ventilated area.  

9. Observe good housekeeping practices.  Work areas should be kept clean and tidy at all times. 

10. Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory.  Notify the teacher immediately of any unsafe conditions you observe.

11. Dispose of all chemical waste properly.  Never mix chemicals in sink drains.  Sinks are to be used only for water. Check with your teacher for disposal of chemicals and solutions. 

12. Labels and equipment instructions must be read carefully before use.  Set up and use the equipment as directed by your teacher.

13. Keep hands away from face, eyes, mouth, and body while using chemicals or lab equipment.  Wash your hands with soap and water after performing all experiments. 

14. Experiments must be personally monitored at all times.  Do not wander around the room, distract other students, startle other students or interfere with the laboratory experiments of others.

15. Know the locations and operating procedures of all safety equipment including: first aid kit(s), and fire extinguisher.  Know where the fire alarm and the exits are located.

16. Know what to do if there is a fire drill during a laboratory period; containers must be closed, and any electrical equipment turned off.

17. Any time chemicals, heat, or glassware are used, students will wear safety goggles. No exceptions to this rule!

18. Contact lenses may be not being worn in the laboratory.

19. Dress properly during a laboratory activity.  Long hair, dangling jewelry, and loose or baggy clothing are a hazard in the laboratory.  Long hair must be tied back, and dangling jewelry and baggy clothing must be secured.  Shoes must completely cover the foot.  No sandals allowed on lab days.

20. A lab coat or smock should be worn during laboratory experiments.

21.   Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the teacher immediately, no matter how trivial it seems.  Do not panic. 

22. If you or your lab partner is hurt, immediately (and loudly) yell out the teacher's name to get the teacher's attention.  Do not panic. 

23. If a chemical should splash in your eye(s) or on your skin, immediately flush with running water for at least 20 minutes. Immediately call a teacher for help.

24. All chemicals in the laboratory are to be considered dangerous. Avoid handling chemicals with fingers. Always use a tweezer. When making an observation, keep at least 1 foot away from the specimen. Do not taste, or smell any chemicals. 

25. Check the label on all chemical bottles twice before removing any of the contents.  Take only as much chemical as you need.

26. Never return unused chemicals to their original container.

27. Never remove chemicals or other materials from the laboratory area.

28. Never handle broken glass with your bare hands.  Use a brush and dustpan to clean up broken glass.  Place broken glass in the designated glass disposal container.

29. Examine glassware before each use.  Never use chipped, cracked, or dirty glassware.

30. If you do not understand how to use a piece of equipment, ASK THE TEACHER FOR HELP!

31. Do not immerse hot glassware in cold water.  The glassware may shatter.

32. Do not operate a hot plate by yourself.  Take care that hair, clothing, and hands are a safe distance from the hot plate at all times.  Use of hot plate is only allowed in the presence of the teacher.

           

33. Heated glassware remains very hot for a long time.  They should be set aside in a designated place to cool, and picked up with caution.  Use tongs or heat protective gloves if necessary.

34. Never look into a container that is being heated.

35. Do not place hot apparatus directly on the laboratory desk.  Always use an insulated pad.  Allow plenty of time for hot apparatus to cool before touching it.

[Reaction] The Baby In The Bottle

             Life is full of ups and downs, twist and turns. “Change is the only constant thing on earth,” as they say. Also, in every stages of our life, there is always a challenge to surpass. Problems are inevitable reality of life. Whether or not you can solve these problems, it greatly depends on how you will face it.

            The story of the baby in the bottle is indeed very tragic. It is an almost happily-ever-after for the married couple, until their first baby died. Everything has changed since then. It was as if their dream to have a happy family will never be true. Instead of moving on, the scar in their hearts, especially in the mother, never really healed. They mourned so much for the loss of their child. The man has already decided to start over but his wife is still living in the past. They did not bury the baby; they preserved and carry his or her remains which even intensified their grief and frustrations. It may really be hard to loss a precious child but holding on to false hopes would not help. They had been so overwhelmed with their sadness and forget to look on the brighter side. They never attained peace simply because they let their past haunt them. They could have thought that even how long they mourn for the loss of their child; they can never turn back time.  Going on with their lives does not mean that they do not love the unborn baby, but, they love him or her so much that they are willing to give him or her peace. Everything could have been better if and only they let go of the bitter memories and tried to start over and go on with their lives.

            For me, the most important thing that the couple forgets is to become optimistic. Being optimistic is not always being happy but showing to the world that whatever your problem is, it can never bring you down. Losing a love one is indeed a heart-breaking incident, however, overreacting is not the remedy. People should know how to gain strength in their troubles. There are many things in life that we have to let go.

[Reaction] The Wedding Dance

    ‘Wedding Dance’ written by Amador Daguio is a story about Awiyao and Lumnay, a long married couple. They’ve been married for seven harvest periods yet the couple weren’t able to produce any child. Awiyao, who in spite of being in love with his wife, Lumnay, feels the need to marry another woman in order to have a son. Awiyao couldn’t bare the sadness seen in Lumnay’s face anymore. He has to decide between himself and his beliefs or culture. On the other hand, Lumnay was very sad because of the situation they’re in. She doesn’t want Awiyao to left her. But later in the story, as Awiyao have decided to marry another woman just to have a child, leaving Lumnay behind; Lumnay also decided to let go of him. Even though it’s painful for her part, Lumnay sets him “free” because she loves him.

    On reading the story, I felt pity for Lumnay. I think it’s not right for Awiyao to leave Lumnay just for the sake of having a child. But in Awiyao’s part, he just can’t do anything so he just did the ‘right’ thing- to follow his beliefs and culture, so he could redeem himself and have a child. It is indeed a complicated thing. Since the culture of the characters shows that a man should have a child of his bloodline for the society to accept him and recognize him. But really, Lumnay is the most affected in the story. She was left by her husband thus she returns again to her parents. Just letting Awiyao to follow what he has decided. Because in her heart, she will still love Awiyao.

[Reaction] How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife

   How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife by Manuel Arguilla is a story about a man named Leon bringing his future wife home to meet his parents. The story shows Maria, who have to overcome different tests to become the wife of Leon.

    Leon arrived with Maria at the rural place of Nagrebcan. Maria met Baldo, Leon’s brother and Labang, the bull that Baldo considers as his pet. One of the tests she experienced is that even though Maria is scared of Labang and hesitated at first, she came and touch Labang’s forehead very daintily. She also experienced riding in a cart, which is a new experience to her since she grew up in a big city. Then they took a surprising route home for Leon, but it was meant as a test for Maria to see if she could endure the sacrifices she made and meet her new family. Maria was a patient, caring and loving wife to Leon. Maria has fears but also shows that it won’t stop her to become Leon’s wife. She managed to overcome the different tests, which clearly showed that Maria will endure anything and is worthy for Leon. Later in the story, it is revealed that Leon’s father was the one who made an ingenious way to find out if Maria is really worthy to live in a rural place and become Leon’s wife.

    The story’s moral is showing love by overcoming any trials just for that special person. No matter what it could be, how difficult the problem is, if you really love someone, you are willing to take risks for that person.

Short Reflective Prank Story

   I played a prank on my mother because I thought it would be funny to see her reaction. The result was that she screamed because of shock when she thought there was a huge rat inside her shoes. I learned that pranks are funny but sometimes we have to be careful on choosing who will be our target person to prank on. Because there are people that can be easily scared, may have a heart attack or high blood pressure and develop trauma due to the shock. And pranks must only be taken as a ‘joke’ or else, it would lead to misunderstanding.  

History of "Pork Barrel"

   "Pork Barrel" involves funding for government programs whose economic or service benefits are concentrated in a particular area but whose costs are spread among all taxpayers. Public works projects, certain national defense spending projects, and agricultural subsidies are the most commonly cited examples.

Citizens Against Government Waste outlines seven criteria by which spending can be classified as "pork":

1.     Requested by only one chamber of Congress

2.     Not specifically authorized

3.     Not competitively awarded

4.     Not requested by the President

5.     Greatly exceeds the President’s budget request or the previous year’s funding

6.     Not the subject of Congressional hearings

7.     Serves only a local or special interest.

   The term pork barrel politics usually refers to spending which is intended to benefit constituents of a politician in return for their political support, either in the form of campaign contributions or votes. In the popular 1863 story "The Children of the Public", Edward Everett Hale used the term pork barrel as a homely metaphor for any form of public spending to the citizenry. After the American Civil War, however, the term came to be used in a derogatory sense. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the modern sense of the term from 1873. By the 1870s, references to "pork" were common in Congress, and the term was further popularized by a 1919 article by Chester Collins Maxey in the National Municipal Review, which reported on certain legislative acts known to members of Congress as "pork barrel bills". He claimed that the phrase originated in a pre-Civil War practice of giving slaves a barrel of salt pork as a reward and requiring them to compete among themselves to get their share of the handout. More generally, a barrel of salt pork was a common larder item in 19th century households, and could be used as a measure of the family's financial well-being. For example, in his 1845 novel The Chainbearer, James Fenimore Cooper wrote, "I hold a family to be in a desperate way, when the mother can see the bottom of the pork barrel." 

[OPINION] Arranged Marriage

      I felt weird when I first learned about “arranged marriage”. I had this awkward feeling because I got the idea of it is an act of being “forced” to marry someone whom you may or may not even know very well yet. Such are commenced by the parents, sometimes an elderly in the family or a trusted third-party. But mostly, it is arranged by the parents. During my research, I have read some articles about “Arranged Marriage”. And I found out that there are some good and bad points in an “arranged marriage”.

   One of the advantages of an arranged marriage is that the parents might have chosen a perfect spouse for you. With arranged marriages, chances are the person is perfect and fault-free because the family and relatives know what they are like and they are revealed right away and that is completely required. Some say that arrange marriage is good for the parents who favoured arranged marriages believe that they are more experienced and objective than their children. They will be able to make better, less impulsive choices regarding a compatible and often financially supportive mate than their child will. It is also said that couples that are in arranged marriages have more extended periods of being in love than partners who choose their own mates. Therefore some parents insist on to arranging marriage for their child.

     But then, where are our voices? Our rights? That’s one of the questions of some people who learned and know about arranged marriage. In essence, an arranged marriage only serves to take these things away from us. The child should really like the person he/she is going to marry and not just the ideal of what someone else wants them to have. They have their own right to choose who they want to marry.

“Arranged marriages are a very sad part of life. How can you get into a thing called marriage without understanding who you want to spend the rest of your life with?”

   My opinion about this is that parents should let their children choose their own partner. Despite all of this argumentative, I think the child have rights to think of their own. Parents should only be guiding them and not be forcing the child to marry someone they don’t like or know. And I do believe that it is the responsibility of the parents to teach their child on how they should choose properly on whom to marry. Everything just reflects on how the parents taught their children. Isn't it also taught in school? It is in the form of a subject called ‘Values Education’ where it tackles about the correct way of thinking and acting in accord to the people around us. The subject is an academic term used to refer to the process of instilling values to students. It is just a matter of common sense! But in some cases, or like in other countries; if both parents and the child agree on to this, then it is okay to do so. Sometimes, it all depends on the people anyway. 

"Beyond Our Expectations"

This is the moment of truth. Today is the horrifying event that happens once for every semester— “The Card Giving.”

*insert girly scream with background horror music here*

This is the event when you’ll get your very own report card with your grades for every subject and your average grade on it. The report card also contains remarks from your teacher. Scary, right? No, I am not kidding. I think every student is very nervous as I am when it is almost the card-giving event. And so, I am right here with my mother inside the classroom, waiting for my class adviser to call my surname and give the card to me. I am in a very deep thought. “I did my best, right? Or was it not enough?” I asked myself nervously. I remembered what one of my classmates said, that card-giving is much scarier than a certain horror movie (sorry, I forgot the name of the movie). I shrugged at the thought of it. I just waited at my seat nervously. A few minutes later, the class adviser called my surname, “Please come forward to get your report card.” My mother stood up and went to my adviser. When she got my report card, she let me read it first. “No… This couldn't be real.” I muttered as I scroll my eyes, looking at my grades. “86, 89, 90, 86,… 79!!!?” The last number pounded heavily on my chest. “What happened? How could this happen?” My mother grabbed the card from my hands. There was silence for a moment. Soon, a dark aura started to emit from my mother. “Holy— I know where this is going.” I whispered.

When we got back to our house, my mother was really mad… at me. She was continuously blabbering about my grades. It seems like she’s chanting an evil summoning spell. “Ugh, you’re so noisy!” I exclaimed before heading to my bedroom. But even I am mad at myself. A lot of questions were stacking up in my head. I realized that I didn't do my best; I did the worst thing I could ever do. I just didn't exerted more efforts. That time, regret was taking all over me. Therefore, I sighed and closed my eyes. After a while, I decided to text my best friend. I immediately got a reply from her, stating that it is alright. I should just do better next time. I smiled because of her text; until, my mother called me.

“You turn my smile upside down…” I groaned.

I went to where my mother is. She, then, asked me to take a seat. “Yup, I’m in a big trouble.” I said to myself mentally. My mother started, “What happened to you?” “I dunno.” I replied obliviously. “I am serious. Give me a real answer.” “What, are you saying that what I just said is not a real answer to your question? If so, then, what is it?” I said sarcastically. “Give me your phone.” Now, she is raising her voice. “Okay, okay! I really don’t know how but it’s just that I am having a hard time in coping up with the new system of lessons.” “And I am trying my best, just so you know!” I continued. “Well, that is a satisfying answer”, she flipped the page of the book she was reading. “I know that it’s hard for you and that you are trying your best. So next time, even if you aren't on the Top 5 list, I hope that you’ll have a much better grade. Better than that ‘79’ grade of yours in music.” She chuckled. “Stop laughing, it is not funny.” I frowned. “I’ll let you pass this time. If your grade increases, I will give you something good as a reward.” “Really!?” I jumped. “Aim your best! If you can, make me go up the stage.” She smiled and started to walk towards her bedroom.

“Okay then.” I smiled back at her.

Debate

Debate is contention in argument; dispute, controversy; discussion; especially the discussion of questions of public interest in Parliament or in any assembly.

   Debate is a method of interactive and representational argument. Debate is a broader form of argument than deductive reasoning, which only examines whether a conclusion is a consequence of premises, and factual argument, which only examines what is or isn't the case, or rhetoric, which is a technique of persuasion. Though logical consistency, factual accuracy and some degree of emotional appeal to the audience are important elements of the art of persuasion, in debating, one side often prevails over the other side by presenting a superior "context" and/or framework of the issue, which is far more subtle and strategic. The outcome of a debate depends upon consensus or some formal way of reaching a resolution, rather than the objective facts as such.

   In a formal debating contest, there are rules for participants to discuss and decide on differences, within a framework defining how they will interact.

   Debating is commonly carried out in many assemblies of various types to discuss matters and to make resolutions about action to be taken, often by a vote. Deliberative bodies such as parliaments, legislative assemblies, and meetings of all sorts engage in debates. In particular, in parliamentary democracies a legislature debates and decides on new laws. Formal debates between candidates for elected office, such as the leaders’ debates and the U.S. presidential election debates are sometimes held in democracies.

Debating is also carried out for educational and recreational purposes, usually associated with educational establishments. The major goal of the study of debate as a method or art is to develop the ability to debate rationally from either position with equal ease.

Although informal debate is common the quality and depth of a debate improves with knowledge and skill of its participants as debaters. The outcome of a contest may be decided by audience vote, by judges, or by some combination of the two.

[Reflection] 9 Environmental Principles

    Look around you. What do you see? Everything is modern now, isn't it? As time passes, human progress has been intensely growing. This is good because modern technology is helping us do things a lot more efficiently. It makes matters simple and easy to do. But, let us take a look behind the positive side of it. We have been using modern technology almost every day in our lives that it is coming to the extent of us abusing its uses. Why do I think so? I mean, my point is not about modern technology, but it is about how modern technology affects nature. Surely, you’ll ask: “What is the connection anyway?”

   As you can see, most of the materials that are being used to create the things around are from nature. With the increasing of human progress, the demand of more resources is also increasing. And the main resource is nature. Now, let us put up the question “How modern technology affects nature?” by reflecting on the different environmental principles.

   With the advent of modern technology, we can do things easier and faster. But there are some ‘side effects’.  For example, a car. A car is a vehicle that transports passengers just by using its own engines or motor. Cars are very important and are used in a daily basis by almost everyone. Though, cars release carbon monoxide- a chemical that can be toxic to both human and animals. Not only that, carbon monoxide may cause pollution in air.

   That is just one example of how modern technology affects nature. Ever heard of forests greatly being destroyed in the country? Well, of course you have! It’s not like you live under a rock or something. So, this really made me reflect on the things we have done that greatly affect Mother Nature. Forests are being destroyed for making more space to civilization. This means that the destroyed forests are going to be used to make houses, buildings, cities, and etc. This also means a great loss of animal habitat. And if animals were to be extinct because they don’t have their homes anymore, what will happen to us? There would be an imbalance in the ecosystem. This will heavily affect our lifestyle. Here is where the environmental principle no. three applies. “Everything is connected to Everything Else.” The principle just means that whatever you do affects everyone although a connection might not be visible. Whatever we do to the environment, shall be done to us someday.

   I have also learned that sometimes, we underestimate things. But later on, we will realize how important it is to the circle of life. Every living thing is important. Everything has its own purposes or contribution to the wellness of our ecosystem and without a certain form of life, everything is not right.

   During the discussion of the environmental principles, I have gained more knowledge about the environment; such as that time-to-time, things change; there is no permanent in this world. We only have limited sources. Greater chances are that nature is going to be destroyed due to human’s ignorance to earth’s cries of help. I have notice that climate change is occurring to different countries worldwide. I was even wondering if people are becoming aware of it. But I do hope so.  Nature is one of the beautiful things God has made and gave to us. He entrusted us to protect his wonderful creation in exchange of us using it. But then, we are stepping beyond the line, which is wrong. Let us not be selfish. Everyone should think of the upcoming generations and to the animals. May everyone respect and follow the order of nature so that our world will be much more beautiful than ever! Let’s make this a better place to live in. And in order to accomplish this kind of goal, we must take care of nature before it becomes completely wipe out.

9 Environmental Principles

1. Nature knows best.

This principle is the most basic and, in fact, encompasses all the others. In essence people must not go against the natural process if they would like to ensure a continuous and steady supply of resources. In nature, nutrients pass from the environment to the organism and back to the environment. Any disruption in the cycle can bring about imbalance. For example, burning of farm wastes instead of allowing them to decompose naturally disrupts the cycle.

2. All forms of life are important.

Each organism plays a fundamental role in nature. All living things must be considered valuable in the maintenance of stability in an ecosystem. It is easy to appreciate the beautiful butterflies, especially knowing their important role in pollination. Giant beasts like whale, alligator, and elephant are objects of wonder and respect.

3. Everything is connected to everything else.
In an ecosystem, all components interact with each other to ensure the system is continued. Any outside interference may result in an imbalance. Deforestation in the mountains may affect the lowlands, resulting in floods, drought, or erosion. What happens in one country may even affect other countries.

4. Everything changes.

The only permanent thing is change. Change may be linear, cyclical, or random. An example of linear change is the evolution of a species. Cyclical changes is the eruption of a volcano, like Mt. Pinatubo bringing great upheaval in many parts of Luzon.

5. Everything must go somewhere.

When a piece of paper is thrown away, it disappears from sight but it does not cease to exist. It simply goes somewhere else. Wastes can either be pollutants or resources. We need to change or "throw-away" society attitude in order to develop better methods of waste management and recycling.

6. Ours is a finite earth.

The earth's resources can be classified as either renewable or nonrenewable. Renewable resources, like water, air, plants, and animals, can easily be replenished by natural cycles. Nonrenewable resources, like minerals, oil, and coal cannot be replenished through natural cycles. Awareness of the earth's limited resources should lead to a conscious effort to change one's attitude as a consumer.

7. The amount of life nature can support is limited.

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a given species which can be supported by a particular habitat or ecosystem without damaging it. For example, a typical Filipino “bahay kubo” can only support a limited number of family members; the presence of too many residents results in overcrowding. Therefore, nature has its own processes or mechanisms to regulate the population of a species within or environment.

8. Human progress must consider its effect on nature.

Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Development is viewed as essential in improving the quality of human life, yet human activities often change the environment and destroy or damage natural resources. Sustainable development strives for human progress without threatening the environment.

9. Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of God's creation.

This principle is inherent in most religious and tribal beliefs. Teachings of Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam enjoin everyone to respect all life and order of nature.

[Reaction/Reflection Essay] Pollution by Tom Lehrer

  To be frank, when I first heard the intro of the song “Pollution” by Tom Lehrer I thought, “The music is kind of weird.” I have to convince myself not to close the tab on where the song is playing, so that I could write this write-up. It was tempting. And moreover, there were too many distractions that kept me from listening to the song and making the essay. Then when I heard the guy sang, I told myself, “Okay, he’s voice is also weird.” I really want to close the tab this time though I have no choice but to listen to the song until it finishes. I watched the video with lyrics on it. And that is when I found out that what was written as the lyrics were fascinating. Even if the whole song is really old (1967), the lyrics say everything about how pollution affects our environment.

   I read the lyrics while listening to the song. The lyrics of the song are trying to tell how dangerous and unpleasant the environment is in America. Even if the song is about America’s environment, I can relate the song to what is happening around us in the Philippines. Though I think it’s not just in the Philippines, but the whole world is at risk due to pollution. The song mainly focuses on air and water pollution. It describes how air and water pollution can affect our living, the environment, and also the animals. The song’s humorous style creates its own uniqueness out of many environmental songs. More on, the song frankly expressed its meaning by using metaphors and other figures of speech. 

   I like the song’s meaning. That is because it depicts us the state of our environment nowadays. There’s also a part in the song that tells how a person throws garbage at a bay where many people get their water from. This song is also reflecting to us the things we do to our environment. The quote “The earth we abuse, and the living things we kill, in the end, take their revenge; for in exploiting their presence we are diminishing our future” goes for here. The meaning you’ll get from the song is that because of humankind creating pollution, the environment is becoming so unpleasant, making it a dangerous place to live in. Not only for us but also to other living things such as the animals. If you would think, we are just paving paradise. We destroy forests to build houses, buildings, and sometimes, ironically, parks. And we are also the number one contributor of pollution.  If we don’t take care of the environment now and prevent pollution, what more will happen to us?  This is what the song is trying to express to us. 

Editorial Structure

Introduction:  

State your topic up front, explain its history and affirm why it is relevant and who is affected by it. Clearly word your opinion and the main reason you have embraced it.

Body:

Support your position with another reason. Acknowledge counter arguments and opinions. Present relevant facts and statistics and include ethical or moral reasons for your stand. Give an example of what you think would be the best approach to or outcome of the situation.

Conclusion:

Make an emotional or passionate statement regarding why your opinion or proposed solution is better than others. Tie up the piece by clearly restating your stance.

"Editorial"

   An editorial or leading article is an opinion piece written by the senior editorial staff or publisher of a newspaper or magazine or any other written document. The subject matter of an editorial commonly concerns a current issue that affects a particular demographic that strongly support or reject it. Editors of newspapers and other publications use their newspapers as a forum to express their views and try to influence the opinions of the readership. Unlike other parts of a news publication that are dedicated to providing balanced, unbiased accounts of newsworthy events, an editorial is meant to be biased, somewhat insightful and often includes persuasive writing techniques.

   Typically, a newspaper's editorial board evaluates which issues are important for their readership to know the newspaper's opinion. 

   Editorials are typically published on a special page dedicated to them, called the editorial page, which often also features letters to the editor from members of the public; the page opposite this page is called the op-ed page and frequently contains opinion pieces by writers not directly affiliated with the publication. However, a newspaper may choose to publish an editorial on the front page. In most English language press, this is done only rarely and on topics considered especially important; however, it is more common in some European countries such as Italy and France.

   In the field of fashion publishing especially, the term has been adapted to usually refer to photo-editorials in particular – features with often full-page photographs on a particular theme, designer, model or other single topic, with or  without accompanying text. Editorials may also be in the form of editorial cartoons. But editorial writings should always have the three different parts: the introduction, body, and the conclusion. It is important to have these three parts in order for the editorial to be sufficient enough. Editorials can have tremendous impacts on local issues and political campaigns. They can be written in a staunch, serious tone, be filled with sarcasm or be quite humorous.

"Shooting Stars"

         With the advent of modern technology, people can do works easily and faster, such as gathering of information, making reports, and recording data. This can also be called as the “New Media” - a genre that encompasses artworks created with new media technologies. And because of our modern technology, photography and photojournalism has also been affected. From painting, sculpting, photographic plates to digital camera, phone cameras and tablets; these are just some examples of the transformation of devices used in photography due to the changes that is happening to technology.

   Let me first start at the history of photography. The word Photography comes from two ancient Greek words: photo, meaning “light” and graph, meaning “to write” or “drawing”. "Drawing with light" is a way of describing photography. When a photograph is made, light or some other form of radiant energy is used to record a picture of an object or scene on a light-sensitive surface. Mankind has been a maker of images at least since the cave paintings of some 20,000 years ago. With the invention of photography, a realistic image that would have taken a skilled artist hours or days to draw could be recorded in exact detail within a fraction of a second.

   Today, photography is not only considered as a form of art, it has become a powerful means of communication and form of visual expression. Most photographs taken today are snapshots- a means of crystallizing memories such as birthdays, weddings and vacations.

   Photographs are extensively used by books, magazines, newspapers and television to advertise products or share information. Photographs are also displayed in museums--- prized by collectors, discussed and studied in art history courses.

   A camera is a uniquely responsive tool, an extension of the photographer’s eye and mind. A photographer can create a work of art by selecting what to include or exclude in a photo. He must also keep in mind the distance, focus, the lighting, and the shutter speed before taking a picture. I wouldn't list all of the aspects and controls, but in order to capture an artistic image you have to study the basic photography information. Then after that, you can go on and experiment with your camera.

   Well, I can enlist some of the basic information in photography here on this write-up. First, one must insure their equipment. Second, read your camera’s manual! This is a really obvious basic information since you have to read enough of the manual so that you know how to perform the basic operations with your camera that you'll need in the field. Next is about one’s state of mind. Yes, your state of mind is also crucial when taking great pictures. In order to take a good shot, photographers must always be prepared. One simple tip is that always carry your camera. If you don’t have a camera, then you don’t have a shot at all. Expect the unexpected and take what you find!

   A photographer must always be prepared but should also be flexible; meaning, open to what he finds in there. Patience is the key to taking great pictures too. A photographer must wait until he gets it right, and with that he may surprise him with the results. One of the rules in taking great shots is to connect with your emotions. A photographer should shoot what he is passionate about.

  In photojournalism, timeliness, narrative, and objectivity are one of the important elements in taking pictures. That’s why as a photojournalist, I must learn taking great photos by following the basic guidelines in photography.

A Place Called "Home"

         Cradled in the busy street is a gray colored-building with a green roof shining as the bright rays of sun shone to it. The building is surrounded on all four sides by a layer of cemented walls. It has a splendid view of a road and its neighboring buildings. The pathway which is outside of it had an even layer of gravel topped with little quantities of sand and dust from the world around. As you enter the Caribbean green-colored gate, there will be two separate paths; the left one will lead straight to a living room while the right one leads to the storage room and the back door of the said building.

   The living room is not really big. There are three couches with carvings of dragons at each side of the bases. An old portrayed sculpture of Jesus Christ is hanged on the wall and a large black cross of the Nazareth is placed behind the television. At the left of the television is a wooden chiffonier. On top of it are decorations and picture frames. The blue sky with white clouds can be seen on the numerous panes of glass that formed the windows of the two-story house. And also on the living room, a red and silver metal staircase leads to the second floor.

   If you’ll go upstairs, you will find yourself in another living room. But the room has simple couches of the colors blue and cream, a big glass table, and a huge white shelf filled with old books. Beside of the shelf are portraits. Right below of the portraits is a small table placed with picture frames, miniature elephant figurines, and a flower vase. While facing the shelves, at your right will be the door to the front terrace, which has a few shrubs that grew beautifully. At your left is a hallway with doors to different rooms. The last yellow door you’ll see that is in front of you is the door to the second terrace. Then if you turn right, a brown wooden staircase and passing it is a living room yet again. The staircase heads down to the kitchen and the dining room. The third living room has another hallway with 4 different colored rooms. As you roam around, you’ll be deafened by the silence around the house since there are only few people here at daytime.

   This certain building I have described is obviously what we call a house. Though, if this is a house, then what is a home? What is the difference between a house and a home? A house is not a home. A house is only a structure, but a home is the people who live in the house and make it a safe and comfortable place to be. You can live in a beautiful home, but if you have no one to love and share it with, then it is just a plain house no matter how fancy it is. My house is simple, yet I am comfortable to live in it. This is because my family also lives in here with me. They are what make my simple house a “home sweet home”. This is the real place called “home”, a place where my heart is.

"Bicolanos, despite of..."

“When life becomes harder, change yourself to become stronger.”

     All throughout our lives we have been facing different challenges and we’re struggling hard to overcome them.  Thus some people say that problems are the ‘spices’ in life. Challenges are what make life interesting, overcoming those makes life meaningful.

    Life can be full of challenges and decisions we have to make.  Life itself is a series of challenges, whether large or small. We all know that life is not that simple and that throughout our journey in life we might face numerous challenges, problems and setbacks. Sometimes we succeed, but there are times that we may also fail. And when this happens life can feel unfulfilled, people don’t achieve their dreams and can become depressed, anxious, or stressed.  But a strong and resilient person will get hit by setbacks and life problems just like everyone else but shortly he will stand up and fight again. 

     We, Bicolanos are just like that strong and resilient person. Despite the hardships in our lives, we still continue to stay strong and live our lives happily. For happiness is not the absence of problems. But it’s the ability to deal with them. We ought to face challenges with strength, determination and confidence. Come what may, all bad fortune is to be conquered with endurance.

     One example of how strong and resilient Bicolanos are, is when the Colgante Bridge Tragedy happened on September 16, 1972.  On that day, many respondents came to help the people. Some by-standers also tried to help and save a few people from drowning or being crushed by falling debris.  The mayor of Naga back then insisted for the Philippine Government to donate a little fund to be used in repairing the bridge and for the victims of the tragedy. There were rescue and retrieval operations going on. Many people were sad about what happened. Four days after the Colgante Bridge fell, public concern over the victims took a back seat because martial law was declared. But that is a whole different story.

   

    What happened on that day is really tragic and saddens many people, but the Bicolanos who were there cannot afford to be frantic. There is nothing, great or small, that is worth getting nervous or agitated over. Rather than just mourn over the death of their friends or relatives, the people tried to help other people to overcome the same problem too. More on, they’re trying to move on by facing the harsh challenge they’re currently on.  We don’t grow if everything is easy; we grow when we face challenges.

   

     The moment we stop accepting challenges is the moment we stop moving forward. Challenges make us more responsible. We always should remember that life without struggle is a life without success. We shouldn't give up and learn not to quit. Bicolanos know that, that’s why they face every challenge with a lively spirit. The People of Bicol never buckle under when a challenge arises, or hesitate to do what needs to be done. They have the attitude that each challenge which comes is telling them that the problem that seems so difficult is nothing if they are resourceful. By taking initiative to facilitate or fix a situation, they simplify life for themselves and others.